In the early phase of the pandemic, in the absence of a vaccine and effective antiviral treatments, the public health measures introduced to contain the disease were largely NPIs aimed at reducing the number of social contacts, for example, travel restrictions, school closures, the cancellation of large gatherings, the promotion of physical distancing practices and, in some countries, nationwide lockdowns. As the strain of the virus that causes the disease (SARS-CoV-2) spreads from person to person through infected secretions, like saliva or respiratory droplets from the nose or mouth, disease transmission mainly occurs via close social contacts, generally when susceptible individuals breathe in droplets from infected ones, although there is increasing evidence for airborne transmission through aerosols. The COVID-19 epidemic has shown the importance of implementing non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs), like physical distancing, to contain the spread of infectious diseases and to avoid overburdening healthcare systems.
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